Main Article Content
Abstract
Simarouba glauca, commonly known as Lakmitaru or paradise tree, belongs to the family Simaroubaceae. It is traditionally referred to as dysentery Bark due to its well-known use against dysentery. The plant is native to Southern Florida, the West indies and Brazil. In India, Simarouba glauca is traditionally used for the treatment Helminthic infection, dysentery, hypotension, cancer and diabetes. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, anthraquinone, steroids, phenol, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate and oil. The plant has demonstrated various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic activity, anti- inflammation, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiamoebic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, reducing patchy skin saturation, haemolytic, acaricidal, hypertensive, antidysentery, analgesic and anti-leukemic activities. In the present study, fresh leaves of Simarouba glauca were collected, authenticated, shade dried, coarsely powdered and extracted using hydroalcoholic solvent system. The extract was concentrated and stored in air tight container for further analysis. The objective of the study was to identify the Phytoconstituents present in the hydroalcoholic extract of Simarouba glauca leaves using Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of twenty phytoconstituents, which may contribute to the plant’s diverse pharmacological activities.
Keywords
GC-MS
Simarouba glauca
Phytoconstituents
Hydroalcoholic extract
Article Details
How to Cite
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Simarouba glauca Leaves. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 309-315. https://www.ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/702
How to Cite
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Simarouba glauca Leaves. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 309-315. https://www.ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/702
References
-
1. Cronquist A, the old and new in taxonomy. Bull Torrey Bot club., 1944, 71: 226- 246.
2. ICRAF Agroforestry Tree Database, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?i d=9785 2007.
3. Juyal, S. P., Singh, R. V., Lal, U. M., and Singh, J. P. in strategies for making India self- reliant in vegetable oils (eds. Rangarao V and Prasad, M.V.R.). Directorate of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, 1991, PP 335-377.
4. Bhagmal (1994) in sustainability in oil seed (ed.Prasad M.V.R.) Indian society of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, PP 83-90
5. Rath T. Simarouba glauca – an exotic edible oilseed. Indian forester,1987,113(1):73-76.
6. Caceres, A., Cano, O., Sabayon, B, Aguilar, L., J.ethnc. Pharmacol.,1990,30(1):55-73.
7. Hingu B, Sake S, Gupta H, Vyas N, Thakur K S, Thakur M. Study on the phytochemical, antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activity on root extract of Simarouba glauca DC. Plant Science Today. 2023;10(3): 98–105. https:// doi.org/10.14719/pst.2481.
8. Sajeeda N, Kolgi RR, Shivakumara SL, Shivaraj Y, Karigar CS. Comparative phytochemical profile and antioxidant property of bark, flowers and leaves extracts of Simarouba glauca. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12(9):56-63.
9. Nagaraj N, Hegde V, Gowda SK, Achur RN, Thippeswamy NB. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca DC and its antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella Typhi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2021 Jun 1;13(6):351-6.
10. Mikawlrawng K, Kaushik S, Pushker A, Kumar S, Kameshwor M, Sharma G. Comparative in vitro antifungal activities of Simarouba glauca against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Med. Plant Studies. 2014; 2:1-7.
11. Santhosh SK, Venugopal A, Radhakrishnan MC. Study on the phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Simarouba glauca. South Indian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016;2(1):119-24.
12. Shalal OS, Irayyif SM. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and Apoptotic effects of Simarouba glauca on the Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC3.
13. Giridasappa A, Ismail SM, Rangappa D, Shanubhoganahalli Maheshwarappa G, Marilingaiah NR, Gollapalli SS, Daddakunche Shivaramu P. Antioxidant, antiproliferative and antihemolytic properties of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Simarouba glauca and Celastrus paniculatus extracts. Applied Nanoscience. 2021 Oct; 11:2561-76.
14. Jose SP, Sukumaran S, Mohanan R, Saji S, Asish A, George SM. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Squalene Isolated from Simarouba glauca in Experimental Animal Model. Pharmacognosy Research. 2023;15(4).
15. Rudraswamy S, Hombarvali JS, Kenganora M, Doggalli N, Godhi BS, Srinivas S. Antimicrobial Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts Against Oral Pathogens− An In Vitro Study. Journal of Orofacial Sciences. 2023 Jan 1;15(1):8-15.
16. Franssen FF, Smeijsters LJ, Berger I, Medinilla Aldana BE. In vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in Guatemala against malaria. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 Jul;41(7):1500-3.
17. Wright CW, O'neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC. Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba glauca stem, and a number of quassinoids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988 Nov;32(11):1725-9.
18. Ridahunlang N. Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba Glauca on Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Wistar Rats (Doctoral dissertation, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore).
19. John PP, Jose N, Carla Sr B. Preliminary pharmacological screening of Simarouba glauca DC leaf extracts for hepatoprotective activity. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2016 Jan 15; 5:1714-24.
20. Hussain MS, Mohit, Khan MD. Pharmacological uses of Simarouba glauca: a review. Plant archives.2021;21(1): 648-655.
21. Lakshmi KS, Sangeetha D, Sivamani S, Tamilarasan M, Rajesh TP, Anandraj B. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, haemolytic, thrombolytic activities and phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR). 2014;5(2):432-7.
22. Nirar Dam BP, Valparai C. Exploration of acaricidal properties of certain seed oils against the Red Spider Mite (RSM), Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Tetranychidae: Acarina) infesting tea.
23. Osagie-Eweka SD, Orhue NE, Amaechina FC, Omogbai EK, Moke EG. Preliminary Investigative Study on the Blood Pressure- Lowering Potential of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on Normotensive Adult Wistar Rats. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry. 2023;12(1):1-4.
24. Pawar KR, Janavale GB, Wagh SG, Panche AN, Daspute AA, Pohare MB, Harke SN. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca Dc. and Comparison of its Bioactivity. Asian Journal of Immunology. 2019 Dec 26:1-1.
25. Antony J, Thomas A, Gnanasekaran D. Review study on pharmacological importance of Simarouba glauca. International Journal of New Technology and Research. 2016;2(10):263412.
26. Prajapati C, Reddy M, Bhatt M. Evaluation of anticancer activity using leaf extract of Simarouba glauca on leukemic cancer cell lines. Evaluation. 2018 Mar;3(2):52-6.
27. Vikas B, Kunjiraman S, Rajam SS, Anil S. The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2021 Apr;22(4):1305.
28. Hajjar, D., Kremb, S., Sioud, S., Emwas, A., Voolstra, C., & Ravasi, T. (2017). Anti-cancer agents in Saudi Arabian herbals revealed by automated high-content imaging. PLoS One, 12(6), e0177316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177316.
29. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/thiocyanic-acid-properties-and-biology--67a36bb64abad8c082307faf.
30. Noriega S, Cardoso-Ortiz J, López-Luna A, Cuevas-Flores MDR, Flores De La Torre JAF. The diverse biological activity of recently synthesized nitro compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Jun 5;15(6):717. doi: 10.3390/ph15060717.
31. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/usnic-acid-properties--67a11d4c6c3593987a5353c1.
32. Ramachandran K, Bakthavatchalam S, Ramalingam SV, Vinayagam R, Ramesh M, Marimuthu S, Zhi-Hong W, Govindasamy C, Almutairi KM, Lo YH. Unlocking the dual power of Charybdis natator shell: antiviral and larvicidal activities Bioresources and Bioprocessing (2025) 12:29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00868-7.
33. Lin, H., Boylston, T.D., Chang, M.J., et al. Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents of dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 78(11), 2358-2365 (1995).
34. Spiric, A., Trbovic, D., Vranic, D., et al. Statistical evaluation of fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in fish (common carp) lipids obtained by different sample preparation procedures. Anal. Chim. Acta 672(1-2), 66-71 (2010).
35. Sharma RK, Bibi S, Chopra H, Khan MS, Aggarwal N, Singh I, et al. In silico and in vitro screening constituents of Eclipta alba leaf extract to reveal antimicrobial potential. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022: 3290790. doi:10.1155/2022/3290790.
36. Gyeong AK, Somi KC. Phytol suppresses melanogenesis through proteasomal degradation of MITF via the ROS-ERK signaling pathway. Chemico-Biological Interactions.2018February24;286:132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.033.
37. Price EP, Seymour ML, Hennessy J, Cuddy WS, Poudel S, Payne JL, et al. Metabolomic profiling of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seeds reveals potential chemical markers for bacterial galls caused by Rathayibacter toxicus. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4539. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08585-3.
38. Figueroa-Espinoza, M.-C.; Villeneuve, P. Phenolic Acids Enzymatic Lipophilization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2779–2787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed].
39. Stompor-Gorący, M., & Machaczka, M. (2021). Recent advances in biological activity, new formulations and prodrugs of ferulic acid. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(23), 12889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312889.
40. Ohira S. Total synthesis of racemic and optically active coronafacic acids. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1984;57(7):1902–1907. doi:10.1246/bcsj.57.1902.
41. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/cyclohexanetrione-compound-overview--67a0d6176c3593987a4ffbaf.
42. Saify ZS, Mushtaq N, Khan KM, Perveen S, Shah STA, Abdel-Jalil RJ, et al. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of 4-(4′-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2005;53(1):64-6. doi:10.1248/cpb.53.64.
43. Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, et al. HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(D1): D608-D617. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1089.
44. Pan LP, Wijnant P, De Vriendt C, Rosseel MT, Belpaire FM. Characterization of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the in vitro N-dealkylation of haloperidol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44(6):557-64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125. 1997. t01-1- 00629.x.4. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)4-hydroxypiperidine.
45. Zoidis, Grigoris, et al. Anti-allodynic effect of 2-(aminomethyl) adamantane-1-carboxylic acid in a rat model of neuropathic pain: a mechanism dependent on CaV2. 2 channel inhibition. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2014; 22(6): 1797-1803.
46. Karthikeyan Sekar, Rajeswary Hari, Deepalakshmi Moorthy, Roopashree Hari, Srivarshini Sampath, Saranya Alagasen. GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Ativisa Root Extract. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2023; 16(2):703-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00120.
References
1. Cronquist A, the old and new in taxonomy. Bull Torrey Bot club., 1944, 71: 226- 246.
2. ICRAF Agroforestry Tree Database, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?i d=9785 2007.
3. Juyal, S. P., Singh, R. V., Lal, U. M., and Singh, J. P. in strategies for making India self- reliant in vegetable oils (eds. Rangarao V and Prasad, M.V.R.). Directorate of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, 1991, PP 335-377.
4. Bhagmal (1994) in sustainability in oil seed (ed.Prasad M.V.R.) Indian society of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, PP 83-90
5. Rath T. Simarouba glauca – an exotic edible oilseed. Indian forester,1987,113(1):73-76.
6. Caceres, A., Cano, O., Sabayon, B, Aguilar, L., J.ethnc. Pharmacol.,1990,30(1):55-73.
7. Hingu B, Sake S, Gupta H, Vyas N, Thakur K S, Thakur M. Study on the phytochemical, antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activity on root extract of Simarouba glauca DC. Plant Science Today. 2023;10(3): 98–105. https:// doi.org/10.14719/pst.2481.
8. Sajeeda N, Kolgi RR, Shivakumara SL, Shivaraj Y, Karigar CS. Comparative phytochemical profile and antioxidant property of bark, flowers and leaves extracts of Simarouba glauca. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12(9):56-63.
9. Nagaraj N, Hegde V, Gowda SK, Achur RN, Thippeswamy NB. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca DC and its antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella Typhi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2021 Jun 1;13(6):351-6.
10. Mikawlrawng K, Kaushik S, Pushker A, Kumar S, Kameshwor M, Sharma G. Comparative in vitro antifungal activities of Simarouba glauca against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Med. Plant Studies. 2014; 2:1-7.
11. Santhosh SK, Venugopal A, Radhakrishnan MC. Study on the phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Simarouba glauca. South Indian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016;2(1):119-24.
12. Shalal OS, Irayyif SM. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and Apoptotic effects of Simarouba glauca on the Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC3.
13. Giridasappa A, Ismail SM, Rangappa D, Shanubhoganahalli Maheshwarappa G, Marilingaiah NR, Gollapalli SS, Daddakunche Shivaramu P. Antioxidant, antiproliferative and antihemolytic properties of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Simarouba glauca and Celastrus paniculatus extracts. Applied Nanoscience. 2021 Oct; 11:2561-76.
14. Jose SP, Sukumaran S, Mohanan R, Saji S, Asish A, George SM. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Squalene Isolated from Simarouba glauca in Experimental Animal Model. Pharmacognosy Research. 2023;15(4).
15. Rudraswamy S, Hombarvali JS, Kenganora M, Doggalli N, Godhi BS, Srinivas S. Antimicrobial Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts Against Oral Pathogens− An In Vitro Study. Journal of Orofacial Sciences. 2023 Jan 1;15(1):8-15.
16. Franssen FF, Smeijsters LJ, Berger I, Medinilla Aldana BE. In vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in Guatemala against malaria. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 Jul;41(7):1500-3.
17. Wright CW, O'neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC. Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba glauca stem, and a number of quassinoids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988 Nov;32(11):1725-9.
18. Ridahunlang N. Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba Glauca on Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Wistar Rats (Doctoral dissertation, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore).
19. John PP, Jose N, Carla Sr B. Preliminary pharmacological screening of Simarouba glauca DC leaf extracts for hepatoprotective activity. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2016 Jan 15; 5:1714-24.
20. Hussain MS, Mohit, Khan MD. Pharmacological uses of Simarouba glauca: a review. Plant archives.2021;21(1): 648-655.
21. Lakshmi KS, Sangeetha D, Sivamani S, Tamilarasan M, Rajesh TP, Anandraj B. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, haemolytic, thrombolytic activities and phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR). 2014;5(2):432-7.
22. Nirar Dam BP, Valparai C. Exploration of acaricidal properties of certain seed oils against the Red Spider Mite (RSM), Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Tetranychidae: Acarina) infesting tea.
23. Osagie-Eweka SD, Orhue NE, Amaechina FC, Omogbai EK, Moke EG. Preliminary Investigative Study on the Blood Pressure- Lowering Potential of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca (AESG) on Normotensive Adult Wistar Rats. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry. 2023;12(1):1-4.
24. Pawar KR, Janavale GB, Wagh SG, Panche AN, Daspute AA, Pohare MB, Harke SN. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca Dc. and Comparison of its Bioactivity. Asian Journal of Immunology. 2019 Dec 26:1-1.
25. Antony J, Thomas A, Gnanasekaran D. Review study on pharmacological importance of Simarouba glauca. International Journal of New Technology and Research. 2016;2(10):263412.
26. Prajapati C, Reddy M, Bhatt M. Evaluation of anticancer activity using leaf extract of Simarouba glauca on leukemic cancer cell lines. Evaluation. 2018 Mar;3(2):52-6.
27. Vikas B, Kunjiraman S, Rajam SS, Anil S. The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2021 Apr;22(4):1305.
28. Hajjar, D., Kremb, S., Sioud, S., Emwas, A., Voolstra, C., & Ravasi, T. (2017). Anti-cancer agents in Saudi Arabian herbals revealed by automated high-content imaging. PLoS One, 12(6), e0177316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177316.
29. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/thiocyanic-acid-properties-and-biology--67a36bb64abad8c082307faf.
30. Noriega S, Cardoso-Ortiz J, López-Luna A, Cuevas-Flores MDR, Flores De La Torre JAF. The diverse biological activity of recently synthesized nitro compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Jun 5;15(6):717. doi: 10.3390/ph15060717.
31. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/usnic-acid-properties--67a11d4c6c3593987a5353c1.
32. Ramachandran K, Bakthavatchalam S, Ramalingam SV, Vinayagam R, Ramesh M, Marimuthu S, Zhi-Hong W, Govindasamy C, Almutairi KM, Lo YH. Unlocking the dual power of Charybdis natator shell: antiviral and larvicidal activities Bioresources and Bioprocessing (2025) 12:29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00868-7.
33. Lin, H., Boylston, T.D., Chang, M.J., et al. Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents of dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 78(11), 2358-2365 (1995).
34. Spiric, A., Trbovic, D., Vranic, D., et al. Statistical evaluation of fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in fish (common carp) lipids obtained by different sample preparation procedures. Anal. Chim. Acta 672(1-2), 66-71 (2010).
35. Sharma RK, Bibi S, Chopra H, Khan MS, Aggarwal N, Singh I, et al. In silico and in vitro screening constituents of Eclipta alba leaf extract to reveal antimicrobial potential. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022: 3290790. doi:10.1155/2022/3290790.
36. Gyeong AK, Somi KC. Phytol suppresses melanogenesis through proteasomal degradation of MITF via the ROS-ERK signaling pathway. Chemico-Biological Interactions.2018February24;286:132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.033.
37. Price EP, Seymour ML, Hennessy J, Cuddy WS, Poudel S, Payne JL, et al. Metabolomic profiling of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seeds reveals potential chemical markers for bacterial galls caused by Rathayibacter toxicus. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4539. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08585-3.
38. Figueroa-Espinoza, M.-C.; Villeneuve, P. Phenolic Acids Enzymatic Lipophilization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2779–2787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed].
39. Stompor-Gorący, M., & Machaczka, M. (2021). Recent advances in biological activity, new formulations and prodrugs of ferulic acid. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(23), 12889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312889.
40. Ohira S. Total synthesis of racemic and optically active coronafacic acids. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1984;57(7):1902–1907. doi:10.1246/bcsj.57.1902.
41. https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/cyclohexanetrione-compound-overview--67a0d6176c3593987a4ffbaf.
42. Saify ZS, Mushtaq N, Khan KM, Perveen S, Shah STA, Abdel-Jalil RJ, et al. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of 4-(4′-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2005;53(1):64-6. doi:10.1248/cpb.53.64.
43. Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Marcu A, Guo AC, Liang K, Vazquez-Fresno R, et al. HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(D1): D608-D617. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1089.
44. Pan LP, Wijnant P, De Vriendt C, Rosseel MT, Belpaire FM. Characterization of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the in vitro N-dealkylation of haloperidol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44(6):557-64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125. 1997. t01-1- 00629.x.4. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)4-hydroxypiperidine.
45. Zoidis, Grigoris, et al. Anti-allodynic effect of 2-(aminomethyl) adamantane-1-carboxylic acid in a rat model of neuropathic pain: a mechanism dependent on CaV2. 2 channel inhibition. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2014; 22(6): 1797-1803.
46. Karthikeyan Sekar, Rajeswary Hari, Deepalakshmi Moorthy, Roopashree Hari, Srivarshini Sampath, Saranya Alagasen. GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Ativisa Root Extract. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2023; 16(2):703-8. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00120.
2. ICRAF Agroforestry Tree Database, http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?i d=9785 2007.
3. Juyal, S. P., Singh, R. V., Lal, U. M., and Singh, J. P. in strategies for making India self- reliant in vegetable oils (eds. Rangarao V and Prasad, M.V.R.). Directorate of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, 1991, PP 335-377.
4. Bhagmal (1994) in sustainability in oil seed (ed.Prasad M.V.R.) Indian society of oil seed Research, Hyderabad, PP 83-90
5. Rath T. Simarouba glauca – an exotic edible oilseed. Indian forester,1987,113(1):73-76.
6. Caceres, A., Cano, O., Sabayon, B, Aguilar, L., J.ethnc. Pharmacol.,1990,30(1):55-73.
7. Hingu B, Sake S, Gupta H, Vyas N, Thakur K S, Thakur M. Study on the phytochemical, antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activity on root extract of Simarouba glauca DC. Plant Science Today. 2023;10(3): 98–105. https:// doi.org/10.14719/pst.2481.
8. Sajeeda N, Kolgi RR, Shivakumara SL, Shivaraj Y, Karigar CS. Comparative phytochemical profile and antioxidant property of bark, flowers and leaves extracts of Simarouba glauca. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12(9):56-63.
9. Nagaraj N, Hegde V, Gowda SK, Achur RN, Thippeswamy NB. Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca DC and its antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella Typhi. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2021 Jun 1;13(6):351-6.
10. Mikawlrawng K, Kaushik S, Pushker A, Kumar S, Kameshwor M, Sharma G. Comparative in vitro antifungal activities of Simarouba glauca against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Med. Plant Studies. 2014; 2:1-7.
11. Santhosh SK, Venugopal A, Radhakrishnan MC. Study on the phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Simarouba glauca. South Indian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016;2(1):119-24.
12. Shalal OS, Irayyif SM. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and Apoptotic effects of Simarouba glauca on the Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC3.
13. Giridasappa A, Ismail SM, Rangappa D, Shanubhoganahalli Maheshwarappa G, Marilingaiah NR, Gollapalli SS, Daddakunche Shivaramu P. Antioxidant, antiproliferative and antihemolytic properties of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Simarouba glauca and Celastrus paniculatus extracts. Applied Nanoscience. 2021 Oct; 11:2561-76.
14. Jose SP, Sukumaran S, Mohanan R, Saji S, Asish A, George SM. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Squalene Isolated from Simarouba glauca in Experimental Animal Model. Pharmacognosy Research. 2023;15(4).
15. Rudraswamy S, Hombarvali JS, Kenganora M, Doggalli N, Godhi BS, Srinivas S. Antimicrobial Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts Against Oral Pathogens− An In Vitro Study. Journal of Orofacial Sciences. 2023 Jan 1;15(1):8-15.
16. Franssen FF, Smeijsters LJ, Berger I, Medinilla Aldana BE. In vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in Guatemala against malaria. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 Jul;41(7):1500-3.
17. Wright CW, O'neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC. Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba glauca stem, and a number of quassinoids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988 Nov;32(11):1725-9.
18. Ridahunlang N. Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba Glauca on Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Wistar Rats (Doctoral dissertation, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore).
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