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Abstract
Immunoassays are sensitive and specific analytical techniques that rely on antigen–antibody interactions to detect and quantify biomolecules in complex biological samples. It outlines the historical development of immunoassays, beginning with the pioneering radio immunoassay developed by Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon Person, based on the antigen–antibody specificity concept proposed by Paul Ehrlich, and later advancements such as ELISA introduced by Eva England and Peter Perlman, along with monoclonal antibody technology developed by Georges Kohler and César Mil stein. It summarizes major immunoassay formats, including competitive and sandwich assays, and key techniques such as ELISA, Possible spelling mistake found. immunoassay (CLIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), radio immunoassay (RIA), Western blotting, flow cytometry, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).It further highlights recent innovations such as multiplex platforms, nanotechnology-enhanced detection, microfluidic integration, digital immunoassays, and artificial intelligence–assisted analysis, emphasizing the expanding role of immunoassays in clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, pharmaceutical analysis, and point-of-care testing.