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Abstract
Breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a need for minimally invasive and cosmetically acceptable treatments. Cryoablation, a percutaneous technique using extreme cold to destroy malignant tissue, has emerged as an alternative to surgery in selected early-stage cases. This study examines the use of liquid nitrogen (−196°C) in breast cancer cryoablation, focusing on its mechanisms, procedure, material compatibility, dosing, and therapeutic outcomes. Freezing induces ice crystal formation, cellular dehydration, vascular damage, and tumor necrosis, while potentially stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Clinical evidence, including ICE3 trial results, reports a 96.39% five-year local recurrence-free survival rate in low-risk tumors under 1.5 cm, with minimal complications and excellent cosmetic outcomes, supporting its safety and effectiveness in carefully selected patients.