Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract: The increasing awareness of the environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic dyes has stimulated renewed interest in plant-derived natural colourants. Bioactive plant pigments such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, and quinines not only impart attractive colours but also exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This review comprehensively examines bioactive plant pigments used as natural colourants, with particular emphasis on their chemical nature, extraction strategies, and therapeutic potential. Major pigment sources including Hibiscus sabdariffa, Euterpe oleracea (açaí berry), Juglans regia (walnut), and Crocus sativus (saffron) are discussed in terms of taxonomy, pigment composition, phytochemistry, traditional uses, antimicrobial properties, and industrial relevance. Conventional and advanced extraction techniques such as solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and cold press extraction are critically reviewed for their efficiency and sustainability. The therapeutic activities of selected pigments, including antifungal, antibacterial, antitussive, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects, are highlighted. The review concludes that plant-based pigments represent promising eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes, offering added health benefits and broad applicability in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries.